Endotoxemia in horses is usually associated with severe infections, inflammation, and colic. Endotoxin from intestinal bacteria activates release of inflammatory mediators such as thromboxane B2 (TxB2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), prostaglandin F1-alpha (PGF1-alpha), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). These mediators produce malaise, fever, dehydration, cardiovascular collapse, organ
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