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Articles ( * = TheHorse.com members only )Date Posted
First Fall Frost Brings Flurry of Forage Questions   *
The first frost of the autumn generally brings questions centered around three general topics: Suspected toxicity of frosted alfalfa to grazing animals Post-frost harvest of last alfalfa cutting Toxic prussic acid potential and management of frosted Sudangrass and sorghum-Sudangrass hybrids Is frosted alfalfa toxic? Frost injured alfalfa, ... Read full story
10/21/2009
University of Kentucky Researcher wins Prestigious Award; Will be Honored by President Obama   *
David McNear, PhD, assistant professor of rhizosphere science in the University of Kentucky's (UK) Plant and Soil Sciences Department, was recently awarded the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) for his research on endophyte-infected tall fescue and how it impacts soil microbial communities, chemical properties, and ... Read full story
10/15/2009
Weed of the Month: Common Ragweed  *
Common name: Common ragweedScientific name: Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Life cycle: Warm season annualOrigin: United StatesPoisonous: No Common ragweed Common ragweed is distributed widely across the United States and occurs in pastures and cultivated crops. Infestations in pastures are usually more of a problem during periods of drought or ... Read full story
9/18/2009
TheHorse.com en Español: Herbecidas en el Heno Retienen el Poder en el Estiércol  *
This is one of a series of articles translated as part of our partnership with A Caballo, an equine publication based in Mexico, and Jorge Murga, DVM. Keep an eye on TheHorse.com for more Spanish-language resources coming soon. Read a longer version of this article in English. Preguntas o comentarios en español puede ser enviado a News@TheHorse.com. ... Read full story
9/16/2009
Establishing Pastures and Hayfields: Fall Conditions Ideal   *
Cool temperatures and abundant rainfall create ideal conditions for forage producers to establish or thicken grass pastures and hayfields. "The continuous rainfall this summer was very good for forage growth, and soil moisture levels are ideal across most of the state," said Ray Smith, MS, PhD, forage extension specialist in the University of Kentucky ... Read full story
9/13/2009
Toxic Ragwort Warning Issued by UK Group   *
Land and horse owners are reminded to be on their guard against deadly ragwort following the inclement weather of July and August, World Horse Welfare noted in a statement Aug. 13. "Ragwort poses a huge risk to horse health and in prolonged periods of wet weather, verges and set-aside often go uncut allowing the weed to grow and spread its seeds," ... Read full story
8/25/2009
Apply Nitrogen to Horse Pastures in the Fall
Fall nitrogen application has long been promoted within the turfgrass industry to improve stand density. Researchers conducted a field study on four well-managed horse farm pastures in the Central Bluegrass region of Kentucky from September 2006 through March 2007 and repeated again during the same timeframe in 2007 and 2008. The objective of this ... Read full story
8/24/2009
Exercising Horses: Effects of Eating Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue   *
Known to withstand drought and high traffic, tall fescue is common forage in the southeastern United States. However, these resistant properties are partly associated with an endophytic fungus that infects the tall fescue plant. While the endophyte might offer benefits to the plant, it produces compounds that can have negative effects on animals. Cattle ... Read full story
8/14/2009
Weed of the Month: Spiny Pigweed  *
Spiny pigweed/Spiny amaranth Scientific name: Amaranthus spinosus L. Life Cycle: Warm season annul Origin: Tropical America Poisonous: No Spiny pigweed is distributed widely across the United States and grows most frequently along fence borders, feeding and watering areas, and other compacted areas. Spiny pigweed can sometimes infest entire pastures ... Read full story
8/9/2009
Pasture Weeds Covered in University of Minnesota Publication  *
Horse owners can learn more about weed control in horse pastures from a new fact sheet published by University of Minnesota horse extension specialists. The new publication, Plants Commonly Found in Established Minnesota Horse Pastures, is packed with information on identifying nonpoisonous weeds and desirable pasture species commonly found in established ... Read full story
7/24/2009
Drought Burdens Texas Horse Rescues  *
Texas' worst drought in 50 years has burnt up pasture and raised the price of hay, leaving horse rescues to cope with an increase in abandonment and neglect cases as owners struggle to feed their horses. "The cost of hay is going up, if you can even find it," said Jennifer Williams, PhD, president and executive director of Texas' Bluebonnet Equine ... Read full story
7/23/2009
Weed of the Month: Poison Hemlock  *
Poison Hemlock Scientific name: Conium maculatum L. Life Cycle: Biennial Origin: Eurasia Poisonous: Yes, extremely Poison hemlock is distributed widely across the United States and grows most frequently along fence borders in shady and moist areas. Seed germination occurs in the fall or early spring, and flowering occurs from May through July, depending ... Read full story
7/13/2009
Bermudagrass for Horse Pastures  *
Kentucky horse owners might find Bermudagrass to be a good summer pasture species for mares, foals, and yearlings, and it might also serve as an on-farm source of hay or bedding. These observations are based on a continuing four-year study at the University of Kentucky. Cold-hardy bermudagrass cultivars, developed by plant breeder Charles Taliaferro ... Read full story
7/9/2009
Greener Pastures  *
Maintain good ground cover to keep your horses grazing and the soil and nutrients in your pastures. A good pasture is not just a grassy field surrounded by a fence. It's a place of beauty, a weed-free meadow where horses graze on nutritional forage. It's environmentally sound because the lush grass stops rain from running off your property in torrents. ... Read full story
7/1/2009
Laminitis Risk Increased by Pasture Grass Sugars  *
Pasture-induced laminitis (sometimes referred to as founder) can be triggered when susceptible horses ingest high amounts of sugar or fructans that are naturally found in some pasture grasses. Susceptible horses include, but are not limited to, overweight or easy keeping horses, ponies, horses with metabolic syndrome, and horses that have foundered ... Read full story
6/29/2009
Grazing Horses in Moderately Polluted Areas   *
Horses might serve as good management tools for pastures moderately polluted by trace elements, according to Spanish researchers. And provided the animals receive adequate, systematic monitoring through biological sampling, they can be kept on this land without adverse health consequences. Scientists conducted a study in the Agrio and Guadiamar River ... Read full story
6/27/2009
Pastured Horses More Fit, Study Finds   *
Horses are better able to maintain fitness when turned out on large pasture, according to Patty Graham-Thiers, PhD, of Virginia Intermont College, Bristol, Va. She presented results of her recent study at the 2009 Equine Science Society Meeting, held May 29-31 in Keystone, Colo In the project, researchers divided mature horses into three groups: ... Read full story
6/9/2009
Study Shows Uneven Feet in Sport Horses is Related to Other Conformation Traits
A research team from The Netherlands analyzed the conformation, genetic, and performance records of 44,840 Dutch Warmbloods competing at the top levels of dressage and show jumping to determine if uneven feet (one forefoot that is differently shaped than the other) affect a horse's performance career, and if this trait is related to other conformation ... Read full story
5/29/2009
Dealing with Disaster: Equine Nutrition in Less-than-Ideal Conditions   *
Horses thrive on routine, and nowhere is this more true than in feed management. After the ideal type and amount of grass, hay, and grain are determined for each individual horse, with attention to that animal's age, body condition, use, and metabolism, it's best to stick to that regimen to maintain health and avoid digestive upsets. Clean water should ... Read full story
5/26/2009
Link Between Equine Diet and Behavior Explored  *
Diet and stable management play a major role in horse behavior, according to researchers from the University of Bristol. "There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that the more you can mimic the almost continuous natural grazing behavior of horses in the wild, the better," said study co-author Becky Hothersall, Phd, a researcher studying Equine ... Read full story
4/16/2009
AAEP 2008: Causes of Laminitis   *
At the 2008 AAEP Convention, which was held Dec. 6-10 in San Diego, Calif., Nicholas Frank, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ACVIM, associate professor in the Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences at the University of Tennessee's College of Veterinary Medicine, presented a thorough review of precipitating causes of laminitis. Obesity is a primary predisposing ... Read full story
4/1/2009
Equine Forage Conference at 3 Virginia Sites   *
Virginia Cooperative Extension and the Virginia Forage and Grassland Council will explore how horse owners can best utilize their land for grazing and protect soil and water resources at the same time during this year's equine forage conference March 2-4. The conference will be repeated on Monday, March 2, at the Middleburg Agricultural Research ... Read full story
2/5/2009
Fields and Fences  *
Make the most of your pastures by maintaining fences and fertilizing. There's a whole lot more to grazing management than simply turning your horses out when the pastures green up. Regular fence maintenance, careful planning of fertilizing and seeding, strategic weed control, and attention to temperatures and growing conditions all come into play ... Read full story
2/1/2009
Fifth North Carolina Horse Dies of Unknown Toxin   *
A mystery toxin killed a fifth horse in western North Carolina in November. Veterinarians now suspect this case might be due to the same substance that caused the death of four other horses earlier that month. The fifth horse was found dead in its pasture by the owners. Veterinarians determined via a Nov. 25 necropsy that the horse died of atypical ... Read full story
1/5/2009
12 Months of Feeding Tips  *
Here's how to roll with Mother Nature through the seasons, nutritionally speaking. Sometimes it feels as if humans have divorced themselves from the rhythms of nature. Perhaps that's part of the appeal of horses. They seem so much more attuned to the natural world than we are. And when we spend time in their company, we're brought back into an environment ... Read full story
1/1/2009
Results of Poll on Horse Facility Acreage   *
More than 2,100 readers of TheHorse.com responded to a poll asking, "How many acres are there where your horse lives?" Results were as follows: 21+ acres: 31.35% (670) 4-8: 24.89% (532) 1-3: 15.77% (337) 9-12: 13.10% (280) 16-20: 7.67% (164) 13-15: 7.21% (154) Readers shared what would be their ideal acreage in the comments ... Read full story
9/5/2008
Equine Tapeworms Free Special Report Now Available  *
Horse owners and hands-on care providers can now learn more about equine tapeworms and how to prevent the problems they cause in horses in a free special report available on TheHorse.com and sponsored by Pfizer Animal Health. Why should you care about tapeworms or oribatid mites? Because the former can threaten your horse's life, and he acquires them ... Read full story
9/4/2008
Minnesota Horse Owners Warned of Toxic Plant Issue   *
Due to last year's drought and recent dry conditions in parts of Minnesota, the state's Extension service is again warning horse owners that hoary alyssum could become a problem for their animals. Hoary alyssum is a perennial weed common throughout Minnesota, the surrounding states, and Canada. It is particularly adapted to dry conditions and sandy ... Read full story
8/25/2008
The Science of Seasons Behind Laminitis, PPID   *
Are horses susceptible to meterological manipulation? Not exactly, but two research groups reported their findings of the impact of seasonal variations on horses: one on laminitic ponies and the other on diagnostic test results for pituitary gland dysfunction in adult horses. They presented these reports at the American College of Veterinary Internal ... Read full story
7/20/2008
Horse Owners Cautioned about Hardy Toxic Plant  *
With cases reported already this year, horse owners are being cautioned about a toxic plant that flourishes during drought and in overgrazed conditions. Hoary alyssum is found across the northeastern and north central United States and Canada. A member of the mustard family, it produces small white flowers and can grow up to 3 feet tall. Grayish ... Read full story
7/17/2008
Excerpt from Revised Understanding Equine Nutrition: Vitamin Function
Here's a primer on the function of each of the vitamins important to the horse, beginning with the fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamin A Function: Vitamin A, also called retinol, is important for the maintenance of good vision, particularly at night. It is also an important factor in bone and muscle growth of young horses, in reproduction, and in healthy ... Read full story
6/21/2008
New Study Identifies Risk Factors for Atypical Myopathy  *
Aggressive research efforts by Belgian veterinarians have culminated in the identification of numerous indicators or factors--including horse management and pasture characteristics--associated with atypical myopathy, a rapidly developing and fatal disease that destroys skeletal muscles. "Atypical myopathy is sporadically seen in grazing horses in ... Read full story
6/7/2008
Transition Horses to Spring Pasture Gradually  *
When grasses start greening up in the spring, you might be tempted to turn your horse loose in the pasture to chow down on the new grass. But be aware that any sudden change in your horse's diet could cause health problems, said Steve Jones, associate professor/extension equine specialist with the University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture. "Whether ... Read full story
3/11/2008
PowerPoint Lecture 'Soil Minerals: The Basis of Nutrition' Available   *
Authored and narrated by Kathryn Watts, BS, a Power Point lecture on CD entitled "Soil Minerals: The Basis of Nutrition" is now available for horse owners interested in equine health and hoof care. The science behind mineral nutrition in grass and hay is presented in an hour-long lecture, using plain language and simple analogies. The CD provides ... Read full story
10/16/2007
Food for Thought: Digestive Health  *
A favorite pastime of humans and horses alike is to eat. Our world view of eating revolves around fundamental expectations of the types of food we eat, how these foods make us feel, and how different foods are processed through our bodies. Unlike our human intestinal constitution, the horse has a unique intestinal structure and function for processing ... Read full story
4/1/2007
Seasonal Tying-Up: Toxins or Deficiency?  *
In Minnesota, cases of pasture myopathy (muslce disease caused by pasture) associated with severe non-exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis (also know as tying-up) are often attributed to the toxins found in white snakeroot. However, researchers at the University of Minnesota said factors other than white snakeroot could be causing the syndrome. "In Europe, ... Read full story
12/2/2006
Drought Grips Areas of the United States  *
Drought and excessive heat could strain the nation's agricultural industry. From Florida to California farmers and ranchers have already felt the effects in decreased hay production and waning grazing pastures. "A big concern right now is hay," said Sam Holland, DVM, South Dakota state veterinarian. With pastures starting to dry up, ranchers and farmers ... Read full story
8/22/2006
Endophyte-Infected Fescue  *
Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is a nutritious cool-season perennial grass that grows on more than 35 million acres in the United States. Introduced from Europe more than 100 years ago, it didn't become popular until the mid-1940s after it was found to be productive and hardy in a wide variety of climates. It now provides hay and pasture for more ... Read full story
4/1/2006
Selenium: A Balancing Act
Today's horse owners are very supplement-oriented. When a new supplement hits the market, many horse owners are tempted to use it if they think it will somehow improve their horses' health. The problem occurs when a well-intentioned owner oversupplements a horse's diet either by not knowing the horse's current intake of minerals, or by thinking if ... Read full story
3/1/2006
Growing Grass After the Hurricanes  *
Will grass re-establish in Gulf Coast area pastures that were covered in murky, salty, or contaminated floodwaters for several weeks in September? That is a question agronomy researchers at Louisiana State University (LSU) aim to answer in the coming months. Plant and soil scientists are analyzing how best to manage pastures and hay fields that were ... Read full story
10/21/2005
Analyzing Forages   *
We all know a horse's primary food is pasture grass and/or hay (forage). The quality of the forage is, thus, a major factor affecting his health. Do you know if your horse's forage meets his needs? Truly, most of us don't--but we should. Forage analysis can tell you whether your forage alone will provide the nutrition your horse needs, or whether ... Read full story
10/1/2005
Drought Stress and Pasture  *
Drought causes pastures to dry up, weeds to flourish, and horses might require additional feeding to maintain weight when grass is sparse. But there are other things going on in your fields that you need to know about in order to protect your horses from problems such as laminitis, colic, diarrhea, and toxic weeds. While green grass is higher some ... Read full story
10/1/2005
Drought Stress and Pasture Quality  *
Drought causes pastures to dry up, weeds to flourish, and horses to get thin without supplemental feeding. But there are other things going on in your fields that you need to know about in order to protect your horses from problems such as laminitis, colic, diarrhea, and toxic weeds. The problem isn't over when the rains come; conversely, the much-needed, ... Read full story
8/26/2005
Nutritional and Metabolic Concerns with Equine Forages  *
While many of us want to simplify nutrition for our horses, selecting the best forage for a horse isn't always simple, particularly if he is chronically laminitic and/or metabolically challenged. Diets for these horses require particular care; however, in order to optimize the diet, first you must understand the horse's need for forages. The first ... Read full story
11/17/2004
Fall and Winter Bring Forage Risks
Now that we've had our first frost in Central Kentucky (and many areas have had more than that), your pastures might be higher in carbohydrates and thus more dangerous for laminitic and/or metabolically challenged horses (such as Cushingoid ones). And while weather plays a significant role in forage carbohydrate levels, high levels often trace back ... Read full story
11/10/2004
Nutritional Value of Forages  *
To feed your horse the best forage for his needs, you have to understand the plants and what affects their nutrient content, said Jerry Chatterton, PhD, Research Leader of the USDA Agricultural Research Service, Forage and Range Research Laboratory in Logan, Utah. He spoke at the Equine Forage: Risks and Rewards Seminar and Summit held Oct. 22-23 at ... Read full story
11/9/2004
Pasture Management Recommendations   *
Carbohydrate research done on forages, although not specific to carbohydrate type, has provided information on pasture management that owners can use to manage their horses' intake of carbohydrates. This is particularly of interest to owners with laminitic and/or Cushingoid horses. Kathryn Watts of Rocky Mountain Research and Consulting, a leading ... Read full story
8/19/2004
New Method of Counting Carbs   *
A new carbohydrate analysis method developed for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) might be able to help researchers answer some specific questions about equine forages. Until now, it has been difficult for forage researchers to define exactly how much of several kinds of carbohydrates are present in forages. However, this new ... Read full story
8/19/2004
The Grass is Not Always Greener   *
The word "horse" conjures up images of graceful, powerful animals roaming across miles of rolling hills, periodically stopping to graze on lush, green grass. In reality, such scenes are rare; these days, many horses live without grazing at all. Equine nutritionist and veterinarian Susan Garlinghouse, DVM, MSc, of Wellington, Colo., says ... Read full story
3/1/2004
No Grass, No Horse  *
Research published in Nature shows that climate changes and the highly specialized digestive system of the wild horse Equus ferus might have contributed to its extinction in North America. COURTESY MARIE GILBERTINSTITUTE OF ARCTIC BIOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA FAIRBANKS Guthrie's findings were based on measurements and radiocarbon dating ... Read full story
1/1/2004
Managing the Mob for Meals   *
When feeding horses at pasture or in large paddocks, it can often be a challenge to make sure each horse gets his share of the feed, while reducing waste and feed contamination. Management is the key to successfully feeding horses in a group setting, minimizing social stress and nutritional problems. Pete Gibbs, PhD, Dipl. ACAN, professor and extension ... Read full story
10/1/2003
The Grass Can Be Greener   *
Now is the time to make improvements to your pastures in order to have the best and most nutritious grazing for your horses next spring. A well-maintained pasture also offers a practical and economic break for you, as well. Through pasturing, your feed and supplement costs are likely to be reduced, particularly if you have a mature, idle horse, or ... Read full story
10/1/2003
Pasture Management and MRLS  *
In the spring of 2001, hundreds of mares in Central Kentucky lost their pregnancies in peculiar abortions attributed to mare reproductive loss syndrome (MRLS). Since then, horse farm managers have gone back to square one in reviewing their pasture management practices. One certain result is they have developed a greater awareness of what’s lurking ... Read full story
4/7/2003
Pasture Grass: The Healthy Choice   *
Few nutritionists will dispute that grass is the most natural feedstuff for horses. The horse's digestive tract is well designed for continuous or "trickle" delivery of pasture forage. As well, it seems intuitive that the opportunity for socialization and exercise provided when horses have access to pasture is important for their health and well-being. ... Read full story
3/1/2003
Last Year's Drought on This Year's Pasture?   *
Throughout Kentucky, the summer of 1999 will be remembered for hot days and a lack of rain. While the drought and its effects were readily noted this past summer and fall, horse owners need to consider what the drought may have done to their pastures for the upcoming grazing season. With some fall moisture that hopefully will rejuvenate some of the ... Read full story
10/11/2002
Letter: Copper Sulfate and Ergot  *
The following letter from a reader was run in the June 8th Issue of The Blood-Horse, a sister publication to The Horse: Your Guide to Equine Health Care. The subsequent response is from Dr Jimmy C. Henning, Extension Professor of Agronomy at the University of Kentucky, and gives some insight on ergot. Ergot Warning I am writing this letter as a warning ... Read full story
6/21/2002
Fructan Possible Key to Laminitis  *
Common "grass founder," the bane of fat ponies and aged broodmares, might be the key to understanding the bigger picture of systemic laminitis according to a recent study completed by Christopher C. Pollitt, BVSc, PhD, of the Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit at the University of Queensland. Pollitt presented 10 seminars on the role of fructan ... Read full story
4/10/2002
Fescue Field Management   *
It is estimated that 35 million acres of United States pasture are planted with tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), and roughly 700,000 horses graze these fescue pastures. This plant is a cool-season plant, so it grows in cooler climates, is tolerant of poor drainage and poor soil, and has a good regrowth after grazing. It also lasts longer into cool ... Read full story
3/1/2002
Nothing Better Than Mother's Milk  *
There might be ongoing debate as to the value of a woman's colostrum versus commercial colostrum products, but for a foal, nothing is better than a mare's milk. Colostrum is specialized milk secreted during the first 24 hours following birth and is characterized by a high content of protein and antibodies. These antibodies are a foal's first line of ... Read full story
10/16/2001
Preserve Productive Pasture  *
Your horse's favorite activity could be time spent with "Dr. Green"--the horseman's name for turnout on pasture. Left on his own in a field, your horse nibbles for long periods of time. Grass forage is an important part of most horses' diets; therefore, it is up to you to maintain pasture quality. The amount of nutrition your horse gets depends on ... Read full story
7/1/2001
Horsekeeping On Small Acreage  *
When it comes to small horse pastures, pasturettes, or ranchettes, less equals more. More stress on pasture grasses, more likelihood of overgrazing, more pressure on fencing, more routine maintenance. But with proper management, pasturettes can be healthy and productive acres. A healthy pasture begins with realistic expectations. "Many new horse ... Read full story
10/1/2000
Dealing With Sand Colic  *
The lulling sound of waves slowly rolling in and out. A nice, sandy beach. Great scenarios vacation-wise, but a crisis in the making when applied to your horse's gut sounds and abdominal radiographic post cards. Diagnosis: Sand colic. Sand colic occurs when the horse ingests sand along with regular rations into the intestinal tract. "Sand colic is ... Read full story
2/1/2000
Pasture Management Tips to Minimize Carbohydrate Content   *
Carbohydrate research done on forages, though not specific on carbohydrate type, has provided information on pasture management that owners can use to manage their horses' intake of carbohydrates. This is particularly of interest to owners with laminitic and/or Cushingoid horses. Kathryn Watts of Rocky Mountain Research and Consulting, a leading equine ... Read full story
4/24/1999
Pasture Perfect  *
Lead your horse out to his turn-out paddock and let him loose on that lush spring turf. Chances are, he'll let you know how much he enjoys his liberty by tearing across the field, his tail flipped up over his back; he might even throw in a couple of exuberant bucks just to emphasize the point. COURTESY UK AGRONOMY Red clover, a common legume ... Read full story
3/1/1999
1999 Federal Grazing Fee Announced   *
The grazing fee for Western public lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service will be $1.35 per animal unit month (AUM) in 1999, which is the same amount charged in 1998. The formula used for calculating the fee, established by Congress in the 1978 Public Rangelands Improvement Act, has continued under a presidential ... Read full story
2/19/1999
Pasture Paranoia: Laminitis Prevention  *
Ah, springtime. Can't you just see those rolling green pastures of Kentucky's Bluegrass, dotted with grazing bloodstock? Their fetlocks are buried, the grass is lush, the dew's shining on each strand of grass and...Why are you shuddering? Do you, like so many horse owners who have endured the helpless misery of a foundered pony or horse, equate lush ... Read full story
2/1/1999
Fiber Facts  *
Grazing is a full-time job for horses. Given their druthers, they'd graze for 12 hours or more every day, their broad, flat teeth and sideways chewing motions making short work of the tough, stemmy grasses and weeds they favor. Like all true herbivores, horses get most of their daily energy requirements from eating plant fibers. Yet, ironically, horses ... Read full story
12/1/1997
Hidden Dangers: Endophyte-Infested Fescue  *
When it first arrived on the scene in the United States during the early 1940s, tall fescue was considered a wonder grass. It was easy to establish, it was a good forage yielder, and it was tolerant of a wide range of management regimens. In short, it was a very tough grass that could stand heavy grazing and a high rate of animal foot traffic under ... Read full story
3/1/1997
Growing Horses and Soil Quality  *
Whether you currently own a farm or are in the process of looking for one, the land itself is a consideration beyond location, outbuildings, acreage, and price. The vegetation, soil, water, and bedrock that are the foundation of the top layer of the ground all affect the health and strength of your horses. But where do you start to make sure that your ... Read full story
1/1/1997




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