Oxidation is a process the body uses for normal energy production and immune function. This is part of the process that enables the body to transform nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into energy. During oxidation (the “burning” of fuels), a few unstable oxygen molecules called free radicals or reactive oxygen species are formed. These molecules have an unpaired electron that makes them quick to react with other molecules, stealing electrons from their outer orbits. This damages the other molecules and can irreparably damage cell walls.

Carey Williams, PhD, extension specialist in equine management at Rutgers University, in New Brunswick, New Jersey, says free radicals can affect several cell components during oxidative stress.

“In humans, oxidative stress is associated with heart disease, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and other neurological disorders,” she says. “Free radicals promote breakdown of DNA by inhibiting the normal production process or breaking the strands (mutating normal DNA). They also degrade protein within cells.

“They also break down lipids (fats), which are major parts of cell membranes,” Williams continues. “This basically destroys the cell; all the contents leak out and the cell dies. Vitamin E helps maintain the cell by protecting the membrane and keeping it whole